Table 1 Patient characteristics
Characteristics | Total (N = 429) | Cardiopulmonary complications | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (N = 80) | No (N = 349) | |||
Basic information | ||||
 Age (Years) | ||||
  Mean ± SD | 62.5 ± 8.2 | 64.7 ± 7.7 | 62.0 ± 8.2 | 0.006 |
  Median (IQR) | 63 (58–69) | 63 (59–72) | 62 (56–68) |  |
 Gender (Male gender) | 266 (62.0%) | 50 (62.5%) | 216 (61.9%) | 0.92 |
 Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
  Mean ± SD | 23.4 ± 2.9 | 23.5 ± 3.1 | 23.4 ± 2.9 | 0.80 |
  Median (IQR) | 23.3 (21.3–25.5) | 23.4 (21.1–26.2) | 23.3 (21.3–25.5) |  |
 Smoking history | 221 (51.5%) | 45 (56.3%) | 176 (50.4%) | 0.35 |
Preoperative underlying comorbidities | ||||
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 105 (24.5%) | 29 (36.3%) | 76 (21.8%) | 0.007 |
 Asthma | 8 (1.9%) | 2 (2.5%) | 6 (1.7%) | 0.99 |
 Tuberculosis | 35 (8.2%) | 8 (10.0%) | 27 (7.7%) | 0.51 |
 Preoperative respiratory infection | 43 (10.0%) | 21 (26.3%) | 22 (6.3%) | < 0.001 |
 Hypertension | 152 (35.4%) | 35 (43.8%) | 117 (33.5%) | 0.085 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 46 (10.7%) | 14 (17.5%) | 32 (9.2%) | 0.030 |
 Coronary heart disease | 46 (10.7%) | 13 (16.3%) | 33 (9.5%) | 0.076 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 11 (2.6%) | 4 (5.0%) | 7 (2.0%) | 0.26 |
 Renal insufficiency | 41 (9.6%) | 9 (11.3%) | 32 (9.2%) | 0.57 |
 Severe liver diseases | 49 (11.4%) | 13 (16.3%) | 36 (10.3%) | 0.13 |
 Previous malignancy | 27 (6.3%) | 3 (3.8%) | 24 (6.9%) | 0.30 |
 Steroid use | 22 (5.1%) | 5 (6.3%) | 17 (4.9%) | 0.82 |
Combined treatment modalities | ||||
 Neoadjuvant therapy | 33 (7.7%) | 11 (13.8%) | 22 (6.3%) | 0.024 |
 Adjuvant chemotherapy | 153 (35.7%) | 26 (32.5%) | 127 (36.4%) | 0.51 |
Intraoperative parameters | ||||
 Tumor location | ||||
  Right upper lobe | 148 (34.5%) | 35 (43.8%) | 113 (32.4%) | 0.22 |
  Left upper lobe | 72 (16.8%) | 9 (11.3%) | 63 (18.1%) | |
  Right lower lobe | 93 (21.7%) | 19 (23.8%) | 74 (21.2%) | |
  Left lower lobe | 64 (14.9%) | 9 (11.3%) | 55 (15.8%) | |
  Right middle lobe | 52 (12.1%) | 8 (10.0%) | 44 (12.6%) | |
 Presence of pleural invasion | ||||
  None | 209 (48.7%) | 37 (46.3%) | 172 (49.3%) | 0.80 |
  Visceral | 201 (46.9%) | 40 (50.0%) | 161 (46.1%) | |
  Parietal | 19 (4.4%) | 3 (3.8%) | 16 (4.6%) | |
 Severity of pleural adhesion | ||||
  None | 172 (40.1%) | 30 (37.5%) | 142 (40.7%) | 0.084 |
  Light | 136 (31.7%) | 23 (28.7%) | 113 (32.4%) | |
  Moderate | 79 (18.4%) | 13 (16.3%) | 66 (18.9%) | |
  Severe/extremely severe | 42 (9.8%) | 14 (17.5%) | 28 (8.0%) | |
 Pulmonary fissure completeness | ||||
  Complete | 280 (65.3%) | 41 (51.2%) | 239 (68.5%) | 0.004 |
  Incomplete | 149 (34.7%) | 39 (48.8%) | 110 (31.5%) | |
 Estimated intraoperative blood loss (mL) | ||||
  Mean ± SD | 89.2 ± 128.6 | 133.3 ± 191.3 | 79.1 ± 107.1 | < 0.001 |
  Median (IQR) | 50 (30–100) | 90 (50–110) | 50 (30–100) | |
 Operation time (Min) | ||||
  Mean ± SD | 131.5 ± 56.8 | 167.9 ± 72.1 | 122.6 ± 48.6 | < 0.001 |
  Median (IQR) | 120 (90–160) | 150 (110–210) | 120 (90–150) | |
 Amount of intraoperative fluids (mL) | ||||
  Mean ± SD | 1175.1 ± 555.2 | 1272.5 ± 505.8 | 1150.9 ± 565.1 | 0.10 |
  Median (IQR) | 1000 (800–1500) | 1100 (950–1550) | 1000 (800–1400) |  |
  Conversion to thoracotomy | 16 (3.7%) | 8 (10.0%) | 8 (2.3%) | 0.003 |
Pathological parameters | ||||
 Histology | ||||
  Adenocarcinoma | 315 (73.4%) | 63 (78.8%) | 252 (72.2%) | 0.24 |
  Squamous cell carcinoma | 94 (21.9%) | 15 (18.8%) | 79 (22.6%) | |
  Adeno-squamous carcinoma | 12 (2.8%) | 2 (2.5%) | 10 (2.9%) | |
  Large cell carcinoma | 8 (1.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (2.3%) | |
 Differentiation degree | ||||
  Low | 83 (19.3%) | 13 (16.3%) | 70 (20.1%) | 0.44 |
  Moderate/high | 346 (80.7%) | 67 (83.8%) | 279 (79.9%) | |
  Tumor invasion (T-stage) | ||||
  T1 | 163 (38.0%) | 31 (38.8%) | 132 (37.8%) | 0.030 |
  T2 | 242 (56.4%) | 39 (48.8%) | 203 (58.2%) | |
  T3 | 24 (5.6%) | 10 (12.5%) | 14 (4.0%) | |
 Lymph node metastasis (N-stage) | ||||
  N1–2 | 95 (22.1%) | 17 (21.3%) | 78 (22.3%) | 0.83 |
  N0 | 334 (77.9%) | 63 (78.8%) | 271 (77.7%) | |
 TNM-stage | ||||
  I | 305 (71.1%) | 59 (73.8%) | 246 (70.5%) | 0.43 |
  II | 68 (15.9%) | 9 (11.3%) | 59 (16.9%) | |
  IIIa | 56 (13.1%) | 12 (15.0%) | 44 (12.6%) | |