Table 4 Mean (SD) performance outcomes per group on Task 1
Task 1: Railroad track | Robotic experience | Laparoscopic experience | Novices | P-values | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Movements | N = 15 | N = 26 | N = 29 | R vs N | L vs N | R vs L |
Path length left | 1655 (478) | 3469 (1577) | 4157 (1870) | < 0.001 | 0.148 | < 0.001 |
Path length right | 2196 (771) | 3879 (2144) | 3885 (1720) | 0.001 | 0.991 | 0.001 |
Movements left | 168 (57) | 342 (159) | 422 (176) | < 0.001 | 0.085 | < 0.001 |
Movements right | 234 (76) | 394 (191) | 425 (170) | < 0.001 | 0.533 | 0.001 |
Safety | ||||||
Inaccurate punctures | 5.5 (3.1) | 10.9 (7.3) | 13.4 (9.4) | < 0.001 | 0.274 | 0.002 |
Instrument collisions | 4.0 (3.9) | 13.9 (13.9) | 15.9 (10.5) | < 0.001 | 0.544 | 0.002 |
Times out of view | 1.3 (1.0) | 2.4 (4.0) | 1.7 (2.1) | 0.663 | 0.435 | 0.581 |
Task specific | ||||||
Needle precision | 63 (15) | 48 (20) | 47 (19) | 0.007 | 0.926 | 0.014 |
Total errors | 13.9 (12.1) | 11.1 (5.5) | 11.3 (3.3) | 0.452 | 0.896 | 0.322 |
Total time | 265 (92) | 475 (219) | 597 (225) | < 0.001 | 0.047 | < 0.001 |