Table 1 Basic characteristics of study population

Age, years, (mean (SD))

58.73 (17.48)

58.43 (16.50)

0.802

59.30 (17.01)

57.10 (16.36)

0.342

Gender (male), n (%)

603 (56.0)

152 (58.2)

0.557

152 (56.7)

36 (54.5)

0.857

Ethnicity, n (%)

0.071

0.21

Black

108 (10.0)

30 (11.5)

26 (9.7)

2 (3.0)

Other

257 (23.9)

78 (29.9)

72 (26.9)

20 (30.3)

White

712 (66.1)

153 (58.6)

170 (63.4)

44 (66.7)

Insurance, n (%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Government

603 (56.0)

131 (50.2)

144 (53.7)

31 (47.0)

Private

212 (19.7)

21 (8.0)

61 (22.8)

5 (7.6)

Unknown

262 (24.3)

109 (41.8)

63 (23.5)

30 (45.5)

Marital status, n (%)

0.021

0.137

Divorced

86 (8.0)

9 (3.4)

15 (5.6)

8 (12.1)

Married

452 (42.0)

112 (42.9)

113 (42.2)

26 (39.4)

Separated

2 (0.2)

2 (0.8)

2 (0.7)

0 (0.0)

Single

333 (30.9)

85 (32.6)

99 (36.9)

18 (27.3)

Unknown

87 (8.1)

31 (11.9)

21 (7.8)

10 (15.2)

Widowed

117 (10.9)

22 (8.4)

18 (6.7)

4 (6.1)

Vasopressors (yes), n (%)

288 (26.7)

177 (67.8)

< 0.001

73 (27.2)

48 (72.7)

< 0.001

Mechanical ventilation (yes), n (%)

695 (64.5)

250 (95.8)

< 0.001

165 (61.6)

62 (93.9)

< 0.001

GCS, (mean (SD)

13.74 (2.28)

9.73 (4.48)

< 0.001

13.54 (2.48)

8.61 (4.18)

< 0.001

CCI, M (Q₁, Q₃)

3.00 (1.00, 5.00)

3.00 (1.00, 5.00)

0.489

3.00 (1.00, 5.00)

2.50 (1.00, 5.00)

0.074

Heart rate, bpm, mean (SD)

98.44 (20.56)

102.91 (23.15)

0.002

97.54 (21.12)

107.39 (25.32)

0.001

SBP, mmHg, mean (SD)

128.35 (25.65)

122.89 (27.50)

0.002

129.56 (24.97)

123.82 (28.57)

0.105

DBP, mmHg, mean (SD)

70.97 (18.71)

69.38 (18.99)

0.221

71.21 (18.68)

70.71 (21.83)

0.852

Respiratory rate, breaths/minute, mean (SD)

20.82 (6.35)

22.57 (6.86)

< 0.001

20.77 (6.36)

21.83 (7.87)

0.249

Temperature, °C, mean (SD)

36.85 (1.02)

36.87 (1.10)

0.824

36.88 (1.06)

37.22 (1.08)

0.018

SpO₂, % (mean (SD)

96.33 (4.22)

95.41 (5.38)

0.003

96.44 (3.39)

96.32 (3.44)

0.800

WBC, K/uL, (mean (SD)

13.69 (8.29)

15.58 (9.16)

0.001

14.44 (14.24)

15.33 (9.20)

0.631

Platelet, K/uL, (mean (SD)

216.55 (128.30)

217.84 (140.82)

0.887

213.74 (124.85)

202.53 (131.16)

0.518

Hemoglobin, g/dL, mean (SD)

11.14 (2.23)

11.28 (2.50)

0.391

11.26 (2.15)

10.80 (2.53)

0.135

RDW, %, mean (SD)

15.05 (1.95)

15.50 (2.59)

0.002

15.04 (1.93)

15.23 (2.27)

0.502

Hematocrit, %, mean (SD)

33.26 (6.49)

34.03 (7.56)

0.095

33.70 (6.44)

32.70 (7.49)

0.278

Bilirubin, mg/dL, mean (SD)

2.59 (3.80)

2.91 (5.01)

0.265

2.57 (4.83)

3.38 (6.17)

0.248

Blood creatinine, mg/dL, M (Q₁, Q₃)

1.00 (0.70, 1.70)

1.30 (0.80, 2.30)

< 0.001

1.10 (0.70, 1.80)

1.55 (0.90, 2.65)

0.008

INR, mean (SD)

1.61 (0.98)

1.65 (1.16)

0.546

1.60 (1.31)

1.58 (0.78)

0.907

PT, sec, mean (SD)

16.89 (8.17)

17.76 (10.78)

0.15

16.74 (10.18)

17.19 (7.47)

0.733

PTT, sec, mean (SD)

35.89 (18.54)

37.36 (19.23)

0.255

32.78 (9.68)

35.88 (10.94)

0.024

BUN, mg/dL, mean (SD)

27.75 (23.91)

32.85 (25.48)

0.002

30.07 (28.00)

39.58 (31.88)

0.017

Glucose, mg/dL, mean (SD)

154.65 (117.42)

167.09 (109.81)

0.12

144.87 (101.00)

141.29 (52.40)

0.781

Calcium, mg/dL, mean (SD)

7.11 (2.44)

6.81 (2.51)

0.073

7.07 (2.49)

6.44 (2.79)

0.074

Sodium, mEq/L, mean (SD)

138.25 (5.35)

138.67 (6.00)

0.265

138.55 (5.89)

138.53 (7.10)

0.983

Chloride, mEq/L, mean (SD)

104.88 (6.99)

105.05 (7.43)

0.728

105.31 (7.45)

105.91 (7.40)

0.561

Bicarbonate, mEq/L, mean (SD)

21.45 (5.53)

20.54 (5.80)

0.018

21.48 (5.29)

20.24 (6.01)

0.098

Effusion = 1 (%)

118 (11.0)

31 (11.9)

0.753

42 (15.7)

8 (12.1)

0.595

SOFA, M (Q₁, Q₃)

5.00 (3.00, 7.00)

9.00 (6.00, 13.00)

< 0.001

5.00 (2.00, 7.00)

11.00 (7.00, 14.75)

< 0.001

qSOFA, (Q₁, Q₃)

2.00 (1.00, 2.00)

2.00 (2.00, 3.00)

< 0.001

2.00 (1.00, 2.00)

3.00 (2.00, 3.00)

< 0.001

SAPS II, M (Q₁, Q₃)

33.00 (24.00, 44.00)

44.00 (32.00, 56.00)

< 0.001

33.00 (23.00, 44.00)

49.00 (33.75, 60.00)

< 0.001

SIRS, M (Q₁, Q₃)

3.00 (2.00, 4.00)

3.00 (3.00, 4.00)

< 0.001

3.00 (2.00, 4.00)

3.00 (3.00, 4.00)

0.033

BISAP, M (Q₁, Q₃)

2.00 (2.00, 3.00)

3.00 (2.00, 3.00)

< 0.001

2.00 (2.00, 3.00)

3.00 (2.00, 4.00)

< 0.001