Table 1 (General-Vascular- Oncologic- Neuro)Surgery

1

Scott E. Regenbogen

[17]

2010

Cohort study

Colon and rectal resection

795

The SAS was a valid measure to predict post colectomy tolls. Therefore, late complications could be associated with surgery situations

SAS(0–4)

• Surgical site infection

• deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism,

• Bleeding

• Renal failure

• Peripheral nerve injury

• Myocardial infarction

• Stroke

• Pneumonia

• Unplanned intubation or prolonged

• Ventilation

2

Scott E, Regenbogen

[18]

2008

Cohort study

General and Vascular surgery

4119

Components of patient susceptibility, procedure complexity, and operative performance are integrated in the Surgical Apgar Score, which provide a measure of immediate postoperative condition and prognostication beyond standard risk—adjustment

SAS < 4(A: major complications)

SAS (0–2) B

• A: acute renal failure

• Bleeding

• cardiac arrest

• coma

• deep venous thrombosis

• myocardial infarction

• unplanned intubation

• ventilator use for 48 h

• pneumonia

• pulmonary embolism

• stroke

• wound disruption

• surgical site infection

• sepsis

• septic shock

• systemic inflammatory response syndrome (sirs)

• vascular graft failure

• B: dying from that complication

3

Keevan singh

[19]

2019

Retrospective observational cohort

emergency abdominal surgery

220

The SAS, which is used in those who underwent emergency procedures, helps identify patients at a higher peril of post-surgical outcomes

SAS ≤ 4

• Acute renal failure

• Bleeding

• cardiac arrest

• coma

• deep venous thrombosis

• myocardial infarction

• unplanned intubation

• ventilator

• pneumonia

• pulmonary embolism

• stroke

• wound disruption

• surgical site infection

• sepsis

• septic shock

• systemic inflammatory response syndrome

• vascular graft failure,

• death

4

Julia B. Sobol

[20]

2013

Retrospective cohort study

High-Risk

Intraabdominal Surgery

8501

The SAS and clinical decisions are strongly related considering ICU entrance after high–risk Intra-abdominal procedure

SAS (0–2)

• Mortality rate

• ICU admission

5

Astushi Sugimoto

[21]

2022

Retrospectively

radical surgery OF Colorectal cancer

639

Low Apgar score is an independent predicting characteristic for cancer-specific survival after surgery. SAS may be a valuable biomarker foreseeing oncological results in Colorectal cancer

SAS ≤ 6

• Overall survivor

• Cancer specific survival

• Recurrence-free survival

6

Yoshito Tomimaru

[22]

2018

Retrospective cohort

Hepatectomy

For

Hepatocellular

carcinoma

158

SAS can predict the after-surgical complications following hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma

SAS ≤ 6

• Pleural effusion and/or ascites

• Cardiopulmonary

• Bile leakage

• Ileus

• Intra-abdominal abscess

• Liver failure

Wound infection

7

Y Toyonaga

[23]

2017

Retrospective

cohort

Emergency abdominal or cerebral surgery

742

A raised danger of post-surgery acute kidney injury (AKI) and mortality was observed in patients with SIRT and SAS scores

SAS < 5

• Post-operative Acute kidney injury

• Hospital mortality

8

Julio Urrutia

[24]

2015

Prospective

study

Major and intermediate spinal surgeries

268

Danger can be stratified using Surgical Apgar Score. It is also able to discriminates patients undergoing spine surgery

SAS < 4

• 30-day major complication

• Death

9

Takanobu Yamada

[25]

2016

Retrospective cohort

Gastrectomy

For cancer

190

SAS is helpful in prognosis survivorship after Gastric procedure

SAS ≤ 6

• Overall survival

10

Wie Yu

[26]

2016

Cohort

Gastrointestinal surgery

41

Malignant obstructive jaundice patients with higher preoperative brain natriuretic peptide(BNP) level and lower SAS were recognized at high danger of major adverse cardiac events(MACE) following surgery

SAS < 4

• Heart failure

• cardiac insufficiency

• cardiac asthma

• severe arrhythmia

• myocardial infarction

11

John E. Ziewacz

[27]

2013

Retrospective cohort study

Neurosurgery

918

The surgical Apgar score predicted postoperative mortality up to 30 – day, the rate of complication, and extended ICU and hospital stay

SAS(0–2)

• Death

• coma of more than 24 h duration

• acute renal failure

• Postoperative bleeding

• requiring ICU stay

• unplanned intubation

• ventilation

• pneumonia

• cardiac arrest

• myocardial infarction

• pulmonary embolism

• infection

• sepsis

• Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

• Pseudomeningocele formation

• deep vein thrombosis

• cerebrovascular accident

12

Israel Zighelbiom

[28]

2010

Cohort study

Cytoreductive surgery

267

SAS can strongly predict post-surgery outcomes in those experiencing cytoreductive procedures for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer

SAS ≤ 4

• Readmission < 30 days

• ICU admission

• Venous thromboembolism,

• Blood transfusion ≥ 4 U red blood cell

• Wound disruption

• Acute renal failure

• Pneumonia

• Postoperative ventilator support ≥ 48 h

• Sepsis

• Inflammatory Response Syndrome

• Uplanned intubation

• Need for reoperation

• Estimated blood loss ≥ 2000 mL

• Acute myocardial infarction

13

Monika

Zdenka Jering

[29]

2015

Retrospective study

General, vascular, or general oncology surgery

4,728

SAS can predict the risk of main post-surgery outcomes in the patient within 30 days after general, vascular, or general oncology procedure

SAS (0–4)

• ventilator use for more than 48 h

• wound disruption

• deep or organ space surgical site infection

• renal failure

sepsis

14

Jakub Kenig

[30]

2018

Prospective study

Emergency abdominal surgeries

315

It is confirmed that the SAS confirmed is a straightforward and strong prophesier of 30-day post-surgery morbidity/mortality in those who underwent emergency abdominal procedures

SAS(0–4)

• major postoperative complications

• death

15

Jakub Kenig

[31]

2018

Prospective study

Abdominal cancer surgery

164

SAS are undeniably prognoses of 30-day post-surgical outcomes in elders who underwent elective abdominal cancer procedures

SAS < 7

• 1—year mortality

• postoperative outcomes

16

Marco La Torre

[32]

2013

Retrospective study

pancreatic surgery

143

The SAS is utilized to recognize those who at danger of main outcomes and dying after pancreatic procedures and optimize the use of hospitalization

Not applicable

SAS ≤ 5 (B)

• Mortality rate

• surgical site infections

• biliary fistulas

• B: pancreatic fistula

17

Antonio

Masi

[33]

2017

Retrospective study

major/extensive intra-abdominal surgery

629

Based on the SAS, veterans are at high danger for poor postoperative consequence major/extensive intra-abdominal surgery

SAS ≤ 4 A

SAS(5–6) B

• A: (Failure to wean from ventilator

• acute renal failure

• return to the operating room

• sepsis

• 30, 60, 90-day mortality rates)

• B: overall morbidity

18

Toru Aoyama

[34]

2016

Retrospective study

pancreatic surgery

189

Considerable risk factors for surgical tolls after pancreatic surgery included the SAS and body mass index

SAS (0–4)

• Delayed gastric emptying

• pancreatic fistula

• abdominal abscess

• surgical site infection

• postoperative bleeding

19

Muhammad Z. Arifin

[35]

2021

Prospective study

Traumatic brain injury

123

The SAS has a correlation with outcomes in thirty days post-surgery in patients with brain procedures

Not applicable

• Wound dehiscence

• acute kidney injury

• pneumonia, Seizures

• sepsis or shock septic

• cardiac arrest

• re – intubation/ventilator

• re – operation

• Neurological deficit

• Coma

• transfusion > 4 units

20

M. Mura Assifi

[36]

2012

Retrospective study

Pancreaticoduodenectomy

553

This score is a prominent predictor of perioperative complications for those who underwent Pancreaticoduodenectomy

SAS ≤ 4 (Group A)

SAS = 4 (B)

• Group A; Delayed gastric emptying,

• Intra-abdominal abscess requiring drainage

• Cardiac arrhythmia

• Pulmonary complications

• B = pancreatic fistula

• SAS was not a predictor for mortality

21

Iulian Buzincu

[37]

2021

Prospective observational study

Oncologic surgery

205

SAS can beneficially detect cancer procedure patients at threat for post-surgical cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction. SAS had a low distinction ability to detect between those with the probability of developing postoperative complications and those without it

SAS = 7

• Cardiovascular dysfunction

• renal dysfunction

• organ dysfunction

• mortality rate

• metabolic dysfunction

22

Mirjana Cihoric

[38]

2016

cohort study

Emergency high-risk abdominal surgery

355

The SAS can significantly predict, yet weakly discriminate between main outcomes and mortality among those who underwent emergency abdominal procedures

SAS (0—2)

• Post-surgical abdominal wall dehiscence

• surgical site bleeding

• upper gastrointestinal bleeding

• ileus

• wound infection

• intra-abdominal infection/abscess

• anastomotic leakage,

• Death

• ICU admission

23

Kyle S. Ettinger

[39]

2016

Retrospective cohort study

Microvascular head and

neck reconstruction

154

SAS is not probably a powerful score for danger stratification in who underwent major head and neck reconstruction with fibular flaps

Not applicable

• Can’t predict

24

Neha Goel

[40]

2018

Prospective

study

Elective major cancer surgery

405

The SAS was not widely capable to accurately predict danger serious complication of postoperative at the patient level

SAS = 0–4

• Returned to the operating room

• urinary tract infection

• respiratory complication

• wound complication

• cardiac complication

25

Sudarshan Gothwal

[41]

2018

Analytical observational study

Abdominal Surgery

Group (A) = 25

Group (B) = 25

SAS is a beneficial metric to distinguish the patient undergoing laparotomy complications

Mean SAS in group A = 4.9

the mean SAS in group B = 7.88

• ARF

• faecal fistula

• intraabdominal abscess

• mortality

• Pneumonia

• prolonged ventilation

• wound dehiscence

• Main outcomes or death within 30-days

26

Shih-Yuan Hsu

[42]

2017

Retrospective study

Intracranial meningioma surgery

99

SAS can absolutely predict the main outcomes of those who underwent cranial procedures

SAS (0 – 3)

• Deep venous thrombosis

• Pneumonia Stroke

• Wound disruption

• Deep or organ-space surgical site infection

• Sepsis

• Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

• death

27

Mitsiev, I

[43]

2021

Retrospective study

Hepatectomy

119

SAS can predict risk for major postsurgical complications following hepatectomy, and might be helpful in improving the overall patient outcome

SAS (3–4)

• biliary leak

• bleeding

• hematoma

• wound dehiscence

• Died

• Pleural effusion

• atelectasis

28

Kousei Miura

[44]

2022

retrospective case–control study

Cervical Spine

surgery

261

Considerable risk factors for main outcomes after cervical spine procedure included lower SAS, higher Controlling Nutritional Status Score, and longer operative time

Not applicable

• Pneumonia

• Unplanned intubation

• Bleeding

• Sepsis

• severe delirium

• venous thrombosis

• stroke

• pulmonary embolism

• wound disruption

29

Gajanthan Muthuvel

[45]

2014

Retrospective study

Emergency general surgery

3,968

SAS and length of stay (LOS) and Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification (ASA) class could intensely predict readmission following emergency general surgery

SAS < 6

• Readmission rate

30

Christian Ngarambe

[46]

2017

Retrospective study

laparotomy

218

SAS could well predict postoperative mortality statistic and main complication after laparotomy

SAS(0–4)

• Deaths

• Deep wound infection

• Reoperation

31

Ohlsson, H

[47]

2011

Retrospective study

General & Vascular surgery

224

Strong relationship between SAS with main outcomes within 30 days after General & Vascular procedures

SAS(0–4)

• Acute renal failure

• Bleeding, Cardiac arrest

• Coma

• Deep venous thrombosis

• Septic shock

• Myocardial infarction

• Unplanned intubation

• Ventilator use 48 h

• Pneumonia

• Pulmonary embolism

• Stroke

• Wound disruption

• Deep or organ space surgical site infection

• Sepsis

• Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

• Vascular graft failure

• Death

32

Chien-Yu Ou

[48]

2017

Retrospective study

Lumbar fusion surgery

199

SAS was a predictor score for significant outcomes in spinal procedures

SAS(0–2)

• red cell transfusions > 4 Unit

• pneumonia

• deep surgical site infection

• systemic inflammatory response syndrome

33

K.E. Padilla-Leal

[49]

2021

Prospective observational study

Gastrointestinal oncologic surgery

50

SAS was a predictive characteristic of post-surgical at 30 days in gastrointestinal surgery

SAS(0–4)

• Infectious

• abdominal sepsis

• surgical wound infection

• urinary tract infection

34

Sílvia Pinho

[50]

2018

cross-sectional prospective observational study

colorectal surgery

358

SAS was related to making accurate clinical decisions for admissions to the intensive care units after colorectal procedures

Not applicable

• Cardiovascular rhythm disorders

• Cardiac arrest

• Respiratory hypoxia

• Subcutaneous emphysema

• Pulmonary aspiration

• Bronchospasm

• Bleeding

35

Atul A Gawande [51]

2007

Retrospective study

General & Vascular surgery

303

SAS usefully rate the patients’ condition following general or vascular operation

SAS(0–4)

• acute renal failure

• bleeding

• cardiac arrest

• coma

• deep venous thrombosis

• septic shock

• MI

• unplanned intubation

• ventilator use for 48 h or longer

• pneumonia

• pulmonary embolism

• stroke

• wound disruption

• surgical site infection

• sepsis

• systemic inflammatory response syndrome

• vascular graft failure

36

Marcovalerio Melis [52]

2017

prospectively

General Surgery

2153

Veterans at high risk for postoperative tolls can be effectively identified by the SAS

SAS < 5

• Overall morbidity

• 30-day mortality