Table 4 Main characteristics of included studies
From: Ability to predict surgical outcomes by surgical Apgar score: a systematic review
NO | Author(s) | Year | Type of study | Type of surgery | Number of patients | Article Findings | Surgical Apgar score | Main outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Yoshitaka Aoki [80] | 2018 | Retrospective cohort study | Esophagectomy | 246 | eSAS maybe not be related to 30-day morbidity following esophagectomy. the modified eSAS was significantly related to major morbidity | modified eSAS < 4 | • eSAS: Lack of relationship with major complications • modified eSAS can predict: pneumonia, sepsis, anastomotic stenosis, acute kidney injury, laryngeal nerve palsy, lymphorrhea,bronchial ulcer |
2 | Guan-Hua Li [81] | 2021 | Retrospective cohort study | Major abdominal surgery | 1055 | predictive for post-surgical delirium in those who undergo open abdominal procedures | SAS (0–2) | • Delirium |
3 | Maho Kinoshita [1] | 2016 | Prospective study | Surgery under general or regional anesthesia | 24,318 | The SAS is helpful for predicting 30-day mortality following surgery | not defined | • Death |
4 | Joseph A. Hyder [82] | 2013 | RCT | General or vascular surgery | 3000 | vital signs significantly impact the SAS | SAS (0–4) | • acute renal failure • bleeding • cardiac arrest • coma • deep venous thrombosis • myocardial infarction • unplanned intubation • ventilator use for 48 h or more • pulmonary embolism • stroke • wound disruption • Surgical site infection • Sepsis • Septic shock • Systemic inflammatory response syndrome • vascular graft failure |
5 | Yuichiro Miki [12] | 2014 | Retrospectiv study | Gastrectomy | 328 | modified SAS is considered a powerful predictor for developing intense outcomes in elective surgery | Modified SAS ≤ 6 | • pancreatic fistula • anastomotic leakage • pleural effusion • bowel obstruction • abdominal abscess • bleeding • pneumonia • chylous ascites |
6 | Amy C. S. Pearson [83] | 2017 | Retrospective study | Liver transplantation | 628 | The Modified SAS predicted early morbidity and mortality after liver transplant | SAS (0–2) | • Sepsis • Reintubation New dialysis • Seizure • Myocardial infarction • Stroke • Pulmonary embolus • Death within 30 day • Postoperative cardiac arrest |
7 | Kristine E. Day [84] | 2018 | Retrospective study | Head and Neck Surgery | 713 | The mSAS demonstrates benefit in predicting patients who are in danger of post-surgical complications | Modified SAS (0–4) | • renal insufficiency • urinary tract infection • post-surgical blood transfusions |
8 | Seon Hee Park [85] | 2018 | Retrospective study | Robotic-assisted radical hysterectomy | 138 | MSAS is better in predicting intraoperative complications | Modified SAS ≤ 6 | • Bleeding • Bowel injury • Bladder or ureter injury • Fever • Urinary distention • Ileus • Vault bleeding • Readmission • Lymphedema • dysrhythmia • Nerve palsy • Wound dehiscence • Fistula • Peritonitis |
9 | Guoping Ding [86] | 2019 | prospective cohort study | Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and distal pancreatectomy(DP) | 160 | the modified SAS proposed in the present study, based on OT(operation time) instead of HR(heart rate), exert a better estimate value in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients | SAS < 8 Modified SAS < 7 | • Pneumonia • pleural effusion • morbidity |
10 | Xue-Zhong Xing [87] | 2016 | retrospectively | open esophagectomy | 189 | e SAS is strongly correlated with hospitalization but not with admission to ICU or death | eSAS ≤ 7 | • anastomotic leak • pulmonary infection combined with respiratory insufficiency • hospital length of stay |
11 | Yong Xi [88] | 2020 | Retrospective cohort | radical esophagectomy | 194 | This score can predict major outcomes | Not applicable | • Reintubation • Pneumonia • Anastomotic or conduit leak • ventilatory support > 48 h • Recurrent nerve paresis |
12 | Mehmet Nuri Yakar [89] | 2021 | retrospective observational study | emergency surgery | 579 | This score is utilized as a scoring model to predict post-operative mortality and complications | Not applicable | • impaired consciousness • The need for intensive care unit • The need for mechanical ventilation during • the first 48 h postoperatively • Unplanned intubation • Unplanned reoperation • Bleeding requiring transfusion • Postoperative blood and blood product • transfusion • Surgical site infection • Newly-emerging cardiac arrhythmia • Pneumonia • Bacteriemia • Acute renal failure • Cardiac arrest • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation • Albumin replacement • Inotropic support • 30day mortality |
13 | Christopher F. Janowak [90] | 2015 | Retrospective review | Esophagectomy | 168 | eSAS can independently predict 30—day major morbidity after esophagectomy | eSAS ≤ 6 | • Reintubation • Prolonged ventilation • Pneumonia • Sepsis • Septic shock • Anastomotic leak • Chylothoraxz |