Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the training and validation sets

CR-POPF

0.634

Present

60 (33)

130 (36)

Absent

120 (67)

236 (64)

Male sex

107 (59)

225 (61)

0.709

Age, median (range), years

69 (45–87)

70 (21–86)

0.891

BMI, median (range)

22.3

(15.4–33.9)

21.7

(12.5–36.2)

0.189

VFA (cm²)

90.0

(7.2–303.0)

Albumin (g/dL)

4.0

(2.4-5.0)

3.8

(2.3–4.9)

< 0.001

PNI

47.7

(29.2–61.8)

45.7

(29.1–60.7)

< 0.001

Parenchymal thickness (mm)

13.0

(5.0–24.0)

11.9

(4.5–31.7)

0.0007

MPD size (mm)

4.0

(2.0–15.0)

3.95

(1.0-25.9)

0.023

MPD index

0.33

(0.11–0.92)

0.34

(0.07-1.00)

0.592

Diabetes mellitus

0.636

Yes

62 (34)

134 (37)

No

118 (66)

232 (63)

CONUT score

0.096

≥3

56 (31)

117 (39)

<3

124 (69)

185 (61)

Preoperative biliary drainage

0.579

Yes

76 (42)

145 (40)

No

104 (58)

221 (60)

Sarcopenia

Yes

96 (53)

No

84 (47)

Preoperative diagnosis

0.0004

PDAC

84 (47)

137 (37)

Ampullary carcinoma

29 (16)

28 (8)

Cholangiocarcinoma

21 (12)

61 (17)

IPMN

22 (12)

85 (23)

Others

24 (13)

55 (15)

Preoperative radiation

< 0.0001

Yes

5 (3)

60 (16)

No

175 (97)

306 (84)

Pancreatic-enteric anastomosis

< 0.001

Pancreaticojejunostomy

180 (100)

335 (91)

Pancreaticogastrostomy

0 (0)

31 (9)

Operation time (minutes)

524

(325–1080)

520

(285–1121)

0.292

Blood loss (mL)

590

600

0.449

(70-7806)

(10-16070)

In-hospital mortality

3 (1.7)

2 (0.6)

0.338