Table 2 Results of comparison of maxillofacial morphology between three groups using the Independent Samples (t-test) test (^*) and the Mann–Whitney test (^#)

Cranial base

 S-N^a

54.5 ± 4.5

55.4 ± 4.3

56.7 ± 4.3

0.46^*

0.06^*

0.23^*

 S-Ba^a

29.4 ± 3.8

32.2 ± 4.1

32.6 ± 4.5

0.01^*

< 0.01^*

0.72^*

 S–N-Ba^b

130.2 ± 5.3

128.8 ± 6.7

129.4 ± 5.3

0.39^*

0.58^*

0.71^*

Maxilla

 Co-A^a

57 ± 5.8

62.3 ± 5.4

65.1 ± 6.3

< 0.01^*

< 0.01^*

0.08^*

 N-ANS^a

43.2 ± 4.3

42.4 ± 4.6

43.0 ± 4.0

0.50^*

0.87^*

0.6^*

 S- PM^a

30.1 ± 2.7

31.1 ± 4.3

32.6 ± 4.0

0.29^*

< 0.01^#

0.07^#

 SNA^b

74.2 ± 5

78.3 ± 5.0

79.4 ± 4.6

< 0.01^*

< 0.01^*

0.37^*

 SN-PP^b

21.4 ± 5.2

19.6 ± 5.5

17.9 ± 4.2

0.22^*

0.01^*

0.18^*

Mandible

 Co-Gn^a

82.2 ± 7.2

83.0 ± 7.4

85.9 ± 8.2

0.76^#

0.07^*

0.16^*

 Go-Gn^a

62.6 ± 7.2

60.8 ± 6.9

62.6 ± 6.8

0.38^#

0.87^#

0.30^*

 Ar-Go^a

31.7 ± 2.9

32.5 ± 3.9

33.5 ± 4.1

0.36^*

0.06^*

0.35^*

 SNB^b

75.1 ± 2.9

75.3 ± 5.2

76.2 ± 4.5

0.91^*

0.38^*

0.47^*

 N-Me^a

95.9 ± 5.7

93.4 ± 13.3

96.7 ± 7.1

0.36^#

0.77^#

0.33^#

 ANS-Me^a

52.7 ± 3

51.0 ± 11.9

53.7 ± 4.4

0.62^#

0.32^*

0.73^*

 S-Go^a

57.7 ± 4.7

56.4 ± 8.7

59.1 ± 6.3

0.81^#

0.22^#

0.26^*

 MP-SN^b

42 ± 5.5

42.0 ± 8.3

40.0 ± 6.8

0.58^#

0.16^#

0.48^#

Intermaxillary relation

 Co-Gn—Co-A^a

25.1 ± 3.8

20.1 ± 5.3

20.9 ± 3.5

< 0.01^*

< 0.01^*

0.48^*

 ANB^b

-0.9 ± 3.6

3.1 ± 1.9

3.3 ± 1.3

 < 0.01^*

 < 0.01^*

0.64^*

 PP-MP^b

20.6 ± 5.2

21.4 ± 5.2

22.1 ± 6.1

0.99^#

0.43^#

0.63^*

Occlusion

 OP-SN^b

21.9 ± 5.8

21.0 ± 6.2

20.0 ± 4.4

0.56^*

0.16^*

0.49^*

 OP-FH^b

13.4 ± 4.5

13.4 ± 7.0

12.0 ± 5.1

0.98^*

0.24^*

0.36^*

 OP-MP^b

20.1 ± 4.7

20.1 ± 7.2

20.0 ± 5.7

0.99^*

0.96^*

0.97^*