Fig. 1

Preparation of the ex vivo porcine training model. a An anterior longitudinal incision of the urethra was made from the orifice to the bladder neck region. b The mucosa was lifted with forceps. c Sutures were applied around the raised mucosa, ensuring an appropriate depth within the submucosal layer. d Several submucosal sutures were arranged in a circular pattern to outline the artificial lesion. e The sutures were tied off, completing the establishment of the artificial lesion. f The incision was closed with sutures. g The bladder was placed in the training box, and a resectoscope was inserted through the urethra into the bladder. h Endoscopic view of the artificial lesion